His 102
Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the 16th century
I. Prelude to Reformation
A. Christian or Northern Humanism
1. Focus on religious simplicity
2. Call for religious reform
3. New emphasis on education
B. Erasmus: Prince of Humanists
1. Emphasis on inner piety & simplicity of early church
2. Praise of Folly: Satire of the age
3. influence on the Protestant revolt
C. Thomas More: Christian conscience of his age
1. Utopia: Blueprint for a more perfect society
2. Henry VIII and the royal divorce
II. Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
A. Abuses of the clergy: pluralism and absenteeism
B. Popular religion
1. the veneration of relics
2. Thomas a Kempis’ Imitation of Christ
III. Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany
A. Early Luther
1. From the law to the monastery: search for holiness
2. Problem with confession and works
3. Doctrine of justification
4. Indulgence controversy
5. 95 Theses at Wittenberg
6. Luther v. Johann Eck & Worms (1521)
B. The Rise of Lutheranism
1. Communication through art and song
2. Spread of Luther’s ideas
a. spread most rapidly in urban areas
b. opposition to Luther
3. The Peasants’ War
a. social discontent
b. Muntzer: “Strike while the iron is still hot”
c. Luther’s Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants
4. Church and State
a. rethinking the sacraments: transubstantiation and baptism
b. the “priesthood of all believers”
c. the new state churches
d. Luther sets new model for clergy family life
C. Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
1. Emperor Charles V attempt to preserve Christian unity
2. The French, the Papacy and the Turks (Charless V”s problems)
a. Habsburg-Valois Wars (1521-1544) & the Turks (1520-1529)
D. Politics in Germany
1. Emperor Charles V’s attempt to preserve Christian unity (Diet of Augsburg – 1530)
2. The Schmalkaldic (Lutheran) League v. Charles
3. Peace of Augsburg (1555) – Division of Christianity formally acknowledged
a. Each German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects
b. Charles’ hope for a united Catholic empire dashed
IV. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation (Whose Bible is it anyway?)
A. The Zwinglian Reformation
1. The Swiss Confederation (loose association of 13 states)
2. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) began Reformation in Switzerland in town of Zurich
3. Reforms in Zurich with state support
a. Christian images, art work, etc removed
b. Catholic mass replaced; cleric celibacy abolished as well as pope’s authority.
B. The Anabaptists
1. Church as body of believers
2. Lord’s Supper as symbolic remembrance
3. Church/state relations
4. the fiasco at Munster
5. Menno Simons (1496-1561) and the Mennonites
C. Reformation in England
1. King Henry’s divorce and separation form Rome
2. Edward VI and a more protestant church
3. Mary’s attempt to restore Catholicism
D. Calvinism
1. John Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion
2. doctrine of Predestination
3. Calvin’s Geneva and the spread of Calvinism
V. The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation
A. The family
1. more positive attitudes
2. place of women
3. home devotions
B. Education in the Reformation
1. rise of the German gymnasium
2. Genevan Academy
C. Religious practices and popular culture
1. decline of “Catholic” practices among protestants
2. reform of social practices and the rise of Puritanism
VI. Catholic Reformation
A. New Mysticism: Teresa of Avila
B. Regeneration of religious orders
C. Rise of new orders
1. The Society of Jesus
a. Ignatius Loyola
b. The Jesuits & Missionaries Francis Xavier and Matteo Ricci
D. Revived Papacy
1. Paul III & Council of Trent
2. Paul IV & the Index
E. Council of Trent
1. Reform of the Catholic church
2. Clear body of doctrine
VII. Politics and Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth century
A. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
1. Catholics and Huguenots
a. Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre (August, 1572)
2. War of the Three Henries (1588-1589)
3. Henry IV’s conversion and the Edict of Nantes
B. Philip II and militant Catholicism
1. Philip II, the “Most Catholic King”
2. The Catholic union of Arras v. the Protestant union of Utrecht
C. The England of Elizabeth
1. Elizabeth – the astute politician
a. Acts of Supremacy & Uniformity
2. Mary, queen of Scots
3. Elizabeth v. Philip II of Spain
a. the Spanish Armada
Document Exercise:
Documents Used: Ignatius of Loyola, “Rules for Thinking with the Church” (p. 367); “The Marburg Colloquy, 1529” (p. 359); Martin Luther, Selections from the Ninety-Five Theses” (p. 351); “Erasmus, The Praise of Folly” (p. 349)
Question: What do these documents reveal about the nature of religious change as experienced during the period of the Protestant Reformation? Note the defense of the Catholic Church by Ignatius of Loyola, and then follow the progression of reformist thinking beginning with Erasmus (who remained a Catholic) and followed by Luther and ending with the Marburg Colloquy (debate between Luther and Zwingli).
Quiz guide for part I, chapter 13
Issues to understand:
1. What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance?
2. How did Erasmus hope to reform Christianity?
3. How did Thomas More fit into this reform movement?
4. What were the religious experiences of ordinary people in this period?
5. How would one characterize Martin Luther's early monastic life?
6. How did Luther approached the question of salvation?
7. Compare Luther and Zwingli as religious figures.
8. What happened at the Edict of Worms?
9. What was the indulgence controversy?
10. What was at the root of the Peasant's War of 1524-1525 & what was Luther's attitude?
11. Why was Charles V an important reformation figure?
12. What was the Peace of Augsburg, and why was it important?
13. What was the immediate cause of the English Reformation?
14. Compare the reigns of Edward VI and Queen Mary I.
15. How would one describe the reform movement of John Calvin?
Quiz Guide for part II, chapter 13